Right from within our mother’s womb, we all experience the pull towards mother Earth, we take it for granted!
Retiring from a day long exercise, a young scholar, resting in the shadow of a tree, didn’t eat the falling apple but picked it up and asked himself “Why doesn’t falling objects move up rather than falling down”?
How the extra intelligent young scholar couldn’t eat the apple?
Did he know the apple wasn’t a sweet one? Was he not hungry? Or was it the intuitive mind inside the 2.5 kg skull which holds our brain?
The question still is what held Sir Isaac Newton from not eating the apple but to discover GRAVITATION?
What ever it was, but the controlled hunger, inquisitive mind, and resting scholar lead to the space travel.
Age old tradition of heating the milk before consuming it, or storing it, was never taught to our non-literate granny’s in their days, now its taught to grade five students!
When a press reporter asked a struggling scientist, “How is it that when everything which was invented, had been invented and everything which was discovered, had been discovered, that you discovered PASTEURIZATION”?
Louis Pasture replied “Its SERENDIPITY”, meaning “Chance Favors Prepared Minds”.
Long time back when sea was a route of transport for many, people did design ships and boats!
But a Greek named Archimedes, ran bare body in the streets of his country, chanting “Eureka, Eureka …”, after he discovered BOUYANCY.
Who could even think of light or electricity after the sunset?
When asked by his close friend, even for failing 2000 times, why don’t you stop fighting with nature in creating an alternative to Sun, the school drop out, Thomas Alva Edison explained to his friend, stating “Today, I have learned the 2000th way how an Electric Bulb could not be successfully made. I should find the way, using which the bulb would be successful”.
Those were days when brains were executed for explaining that it’s not Sun which revolves around Earth, but just the opposite!
“We choose those options in our life which reflects our association, and later our association determines our Destiny”!
Once, after a long time, a zoologist went to meet his farmer friend. To his astonishment, the zoologist, discovered, a very rare variety of eagle feeding grains along with the farmers fowls.
After asking the farmer replied, “I Got the odd fowl from the mountain side”.
The zoologist explained that this odd fowl of his farmer friend is actually a very rare variety of eagle, which feeds on pet fowl.
The farmer laughed, and the both agreed to visit the mountain side the next morning, just at sun-rise, with the odd fowl.
The next morning, just by the mountain side, the zoologist friend spotted the eagles, and with an uplift jerk, threw the odd fowl, and the eagles sitting in the quiet, suddenly started showing some restlessness. And after a few hours of drama, the odd fowl started diving down and preying, along with the other eagles.
What matters is “Whom Do You Associate With”!
Friday, September 24, 2010
Promises!!!!!
Promises are meant to be broken!!! Does it ring a bell??? Yes, it is an old saying and we take it very seriously and follow it pretty religiously. Each time we were pulled up by our parents for doing something wrong, we used to say “God Promise, won’t do it again” and would do the same thing repeatedly consoling ourselves by thinking God is generous and will not punish us. Time keeps flying and we only keep promising and keep breaking. Teachers, Parents, Siblings, Friends, Partners and above all ourselves. Such is life!!!!!
False or incomplete promises to others are fine but is being unjust to oneself the best of the traits to have? I Promise I will wake up every morning at 6 and go for a run, I Promise I will never be rude to mother, I Promise I will give time to my family and the list is endlessly endless. Sounds familiar? The biggest damage is not when you fool others but the biggest damage is when you fool yourself. Sticking to one’s promises shows strength of character and the ability to go all the way. Builds credibility which is the essence of one’s personality. The next time you promise something, fulfill it and you will feel the joy and satisfaction of achieving something which you had promised. It is a supreme feeling. Not only will people respect and admire you but you will admire yourself (in case you do not till this time!!).
Keep the promise, earn the faith.
I promise not to make any promise……unless I will keep it!!!!!!
False or incomplete promises to others are fine but is being unjust to oneself the best of the traits to have? I Promise I will wake up every morning at 6 and go for a run, I Promise I will never be rude to mother, I Promise I will give time to my family and the list is endlessly endless. Sounds familiar? The biggest damage is not when you fool others but the biggest damage is when you fool yourself. Sticking to one’s promises shows strength of character and the ability to go all the way. Builds credibility which is the essence of one’s personality. The next time you promise something, fulfill it and you will feel the joy and satisfaction of achieving something which you had promised. It is a supreme feeling. Not only will people respect and admire you but you will admire yourself (in case you do not till this time!!).
Keep the promise, earn the faith.
I promise not to make any promise……unless I will keep it!!!!!!
Thoughts............
Mind!!! The most amazing organ of the human body. This is the one which can make or break one’s life. I have read several books on how the mind is the controller of one’s life and after going through loads of them felt that books are not always correct. But then, as they say, unless you do not go there and do that, you do not believe in it.
Something happened with me a few years ago which changed my life forever. From being a super positive, super energy being, I started to get thoughts which were always bending towards the negative. I thought negative, I felt negative and guess what………..Negative was the new word in my life. Anytime people used to say something to me, the first thing was “NO”. As if that was the only word I had learnt. I was surprised initially as to why am I becoming like this despite having only positive people around me. My entire family is full of positivity and so was I, till this time. Everything went for a toss, friends, work and above all my thought process, the essence of any individual. I used to feel miserable all the while, in my thoughts all the time, used to get startled by the slightest of sounds and remain alarmed for quite some time. I had accepted things on an “As Is Where Is” basis and was sort of enjoying the new found negativity. No parties, and no good food (I am a hard core foodie). Wow, what a life!!!! I tried to analyse a lot but who cared, I had accepted my situation.
And then magic happened as though the hand of the almighty was placed on my head. He whispered into my ear, “My boy, is this why I had sent you here??”. I wept, as though endlessly. Looking up to the sky searching for the magic hand, wishing to hold it and say “I am sorry. I will make sure that I do not let you down, my creator”. As the old saying goes, bad habits die slow. It was not easy to take charge of my thoughts, the negatives were still ruling but in the chamber, deep inside with loads of energy I was giving birth to my power, the Positive thoughts, the positive energy in me. I was sure, the day my chamber will be full of positive thoughts, a big explosion would take place and destroy all the negatives in me.
And when the day arrived, the day when positives over took and took over negatives, life took a complete 360 degree. The day started with a bang, a punch in the air as if to announce, “Here I Am!!!!”. The sun, the flowers, the people would seem so beautiful, my lungs full of oxygen and a refreshing freshness captivating my life. More friends, more parties, more beer, more food and more weight. Life was feeling so very good. Work became fun, success was instantaneous and it was about time I felt I had arrived.
It’s not that negative thoughts do not try and enter my upper chamber, they try with everyone. But now I have so many positive ones, that whenever negatives try to envade, I shoot them with the army of positives I have.
The magic hand did the trick and I pray that the magic hand remains on all you people’s heads. Feel it, the positives have arrived.
Something happened with me a few years ago which changed my life forever. From being a super positive, super energy being, I started to get thoughts which were always bending towards the negative. I thought negative, I felt negative and guess what………..Negative was the new word in my life. Anytime people used to say something to me, the first thing was “NO”. As if that was the only word I had learnt. I was surprised initially as to why am I becoming like this despite having only positive people around me. My entire family is full of positivity and so was I, till this time. Everything went for a toss, friends, work and above all my thought process, the essence of any individual. I used to feel miserable all the while, in my thoughts all the time, used to get startled by the slightest of sounds and remain alarmed for quite some time. I had accepted things on an “As Is Where Is” basis and was sort of enjoying the new found negativity. No parties, and no good food (I am a hard core foodie). Wow, what a life!!!! I tried to analyse a lot but who cared, I had accepted my situation.
And then magic happened as though the hand of the almighty was placed on my head. He whispered into my ear, “My boy, is this why I had sent you here??”. I wept, as though endlessly. Looking up to the sky searching for the magic hand, wishing to hold it and say “I am sorry. I will make sure that I do not let you down, my creator”. As the old saying goes, bad habits die slow. It was not easy to take charge of my thoughts, the negatives were still ruling but in the chamber, deep inside with loads of energy I was giving birth to my power, the Positive thoughts, the positive energy in me. I was sure, the day my chamber will be full of positive thoughts, a big explosion would take place and destroy all the negatives in me.
And when the day arrived, the day when positives over took and took over negatives, life took a complete 360 degree. The day started with a bang, a punch in the air as if to announce, “Here I Am!!!!”. The sun, the flowers, the people would seem so beautiful, my lungs full of oxygen and a refreshing freshness captivating my life. More friends, more parties, more beer, more food and more weight. Life was feeling so very good. Work became fun, success was instantaneous and it was about time I felt I had arrived.
It’s not that negative thoughts do not try and enter my upper chamber, they try with everyone. But now I have so many positive ones, that whenever negatives try to envade, I shoot them with the army of positives I have.
The magic hand did the trick and I pray that the magic hand remains on all you people’s heads. Feel it, the positives have arrived.
Tuesday, September 21, 2010
Capitalism---Root of all sufferings
Capitalism is a difficult, problematic term; it applies to a diversity of phenomenon spread across disparate historical cultures with substantially variable world views. However, the term is an Enlightenment European term used to describe European practices; so the term "capitalism" means more than just a body of social practices easily applied across geographical and historical distances, it is also a "way of thinking," and as a way of thinking does not necessarily apply to earlier European origins of capitalism or to capitalism as practiced in other cultures.
The earliest forms of capitalism—which we call "mercantilism"—originate in Rome, the Middle East, and the early Middle Ages. Mercantilism might be roughly defined as the distribution of goods in order to realize a profit. Goods are bought at one site for a certain price and moved to another site and sold at a higher price. As the Roman empire expanded, mercantilism correspondingly expanded. But the contraction of the Roman empire from the fifth century onwards also contracted mercantilism until, by the 700's, it was not a substantial aspect of European culture, that is, European economies tended to localize. Arabic cultures, on the other hand, had a long history of mercantilism, living as they did on the trade routes between three great empires: Egypt, Persia, and later Byzantium. As Islam from the seventh century A.D. onwards spread like wildfire across Northern Africa, Spain, the Middle East and Asia, Arabic mercantilism assumed an unprecedented global character. The medieval Europeans essentially learned mercantilism from their Islamic neighbors, evidenced in large part by the number of economic terms in European languages that are derived from Arabic, such as tariff and traffic. From the 1300's, Europeans would begin expanding their mercantile practices, resulting in a social mobility hitherto unseen in European culture as well as pushing Europeans, as it did the Muslims, to explore distant parts of the globe. The voyages of discovery were entirely driven by mercantile ambitions.
As time went on in Europe, mercantilism gradually evolved into economic practices that would eventually be called capitalism. Capitalism is based on the same principle as mercantilism: the large-scale realization of a profit by acquiring goods for lower prices than one sells them. But capitalism as a practice is characterized by the following:
The European Enlightenment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
The accumulation of the means of production (materials, land, tools) as property into a few hands; this accumulated property is called "capital" and the property-owners of these means of production are called "capitalists."
Productive labor—the human work necessary to produce goods and distribute them—takes the form of wage labor. That is, humans work for wages rather than for product. One of the aspects of wage labor is that the laborer tends not to be invested in the product. Labor also becomes "efficient," that is, it becomes defined by its "productivity"; capitalism increases individual productivity through "the division of labor," which divides productive labor into its smallest components. The result of the division of labor is to lower the value (in terms of skill and wages) of the individual worker; this would create immense social problems in Europe and America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The means of production and labor is manipulated by the capitalist using rational calculation in order to realize a profit. So that capitalism as an economic activity is fundamentally teleological.
Classical Mechanics
Progress
As a way of thinking, capitalism involves the following: Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally individualistic, that is, that the individual is the center of capitalist endeavor. This idea draws on all the Enlightenment concepts of individuality: that all individuals are different, that society is composed of individuals who pursue their own interests, that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests (this, in capitalism, is called "economic freedom"), and that, in a democratic sense, individuals pursuing their own interests will guarantee the interests of society as a whole.
Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally based on the Enlightenment idea of progress; the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism is to produce wealth, that is, to make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it normally would be. Therefore, in a concept derived whole-cloth from the idea of progress, the entire structure of capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the idea of "economic growth." This economic growth has no prescribed end; the purpose is for nations to grow steadily wealthier.
Economics, the analysis of the production and distribution of goods, has to be abstracted out of other areas of knowledge. In other words, capitalism as a way of thinking divorces the production and distribution of goods from other concerns, such as politics, religion, ethics, etc., and treats production and distribution as independent human endeavors. In this view, the fundamental purpose and meaning of human life is productive labor. Marxism, which has more in common with capitalism than it has differences, also bases itself on these ideas.
The economic world view treats the economy as if it were mechanical, that is, subject to certain predictable laws. This means that economic behavior can be rationally calculated , and these rational calculations are always future-directed . So, the mechanistic view of the economy leads to an exclusively teleological world picture; capitalism as a manipulation of the "machine" of the economy is always directed to the future and intentionally regards the past as of no concern. This, in part, is one of the fundamental origins of modernity, the sense that the cultural present is discontinuous with the past.
The fundamental unit of meaning in capitalist and economic thought is the object , that is, capitalism relies on the creation of a consumer culture, a large segment of the population that is not producing most of what it is consuming. Since capitalism, like mercantilism, is fundamentally based on distributing goods—moving goods from one place to another—consumers have no social relation to the people who produce the goods they consume. In non-capitalist societies, such as tribal societies, people have real social relations to the producers of the goods they consume. But when people no longer have social relations with others who make the objects they consume, that means that the only relation they have is with the object itself. So part of capitalism as a way of thinking is that people become "consumers," that is, they define themselves by the objects they purchase rather than the objects they produce.
The earliest forms of capitalism—which we call "mercantilism"—originate in Rome, the Middle East, and the early Middle Ages. Mercantilism might be roughly defined as the distribution of goods in order to realize a profit. Goods are bought at one site for a certain price and moved to another site and sold at a higher price. As the Roman empire expanded, mercantilism correspondingly expanded. But the contraction of the Roman empire from the fifth century onwards also contracted mercantilism until, by the 700's, it was not a substantial aspect of European culture, that is, European economies tended to localize. Arabic cultures, on the other hand, had a long history of mercantilism, living as they did on the trade routes between three great empires: Egypt, Persia, and later Byzantium. As Islam from the seventh century A.D. onwards spread like wildfire across Northern Africa, Spain, the Middle East and Asia, Arabic mercantilism assumed an unprecedented global character. The medieval Europeans essentially learned mercantilism from their Islamic neighbors, evidenced in large part by the number of economic terms in European languages that are derived from Arabic, such as tariff and traffic. From the 1300's, Europeans would begin expanding their mercantile practices, resulting in a social mobility hitherto unseen in European culture as well as pushing Europeans, as it did the Muslims, to explore distant parts of the globe. The voyages of discovery were entirely driven by mercantile ambitions.
As time went on in Europe, mercantilism gradually evolved into economic practices that would eventually be called capitalism. Capitalism is based on the same principle as mercantilism: the large-scale realization of a profit by acquiring goods for lower prices than one sells them. But capitalism as a practice is characterized by the following:
The European Enlightenment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
The accumulation of the means of production (materials, land, tools) as property into a few hands; this accumulated property is called "capital" and the property-owners of these means of production are called "capitalists."
Productive labor—the human work necessary to produce goods and distribute them—takes the form of wage labor. That is, humans work for wages rather than for product. One of the aspects of wage labor is that the laborer tends not to be invested in the product. Labor also becomes "efficient," that is, it becomes defined by its "productivity"; capitalism increases individual productivity through "the division of labor," which divides productive labor into its smallest components. The result of the division of labor is to lower the value (in terms of skill and wages) of the individual worker; this would create immense social problems in Europe and America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The means of production and labor is manipulated by the capitalist using rational calculation in order to realize a profit. So that capitalism as an economic activity is fundamentally teleological.
Classical Mechanics
Progress
As a way of thinking, capitalism involves the following: Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally individualistic, that is, that the individual is the center of capitalist endeavor. This idea draws on all the Enlightenment concepts of individuality: that all individuals are different, that society is composed of individuals who pursue their own interests, that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests (this, in capitalism, is called "economic freedom"), and that, in a democratic sense, individuals pursuing their own interests will guarantee the interests of society as a whole.
Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally based on the Enlightenment idea of progress; the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism is to produce wealth, that is, to make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it normally would be. Therefore, in a concept derived whole-cloth from the idea of progress, the entire structure of capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the idea of "economic growth." This economic growth has no prescribed end; the purpose is for nations to grow steadily wealthier.
Economics, the analysis of the production and distribution of goods, has to be abstracted out of other areas of knowledge. In other words, capitalism as a way of thinking divorces the production and distribution of goods from other concerns, such as politics, religion, ethics, etc., and treats production and distribution as independent human endeavors. In this view, the fundamental purpose and meaning of human life is productive labor. Marxism, which has more in common with capitalism than it has differences, also bases itself on these ideas.
The economic world view treats the economy as if it were mechanical, that is, subject to certain predictable laws. This means that economic behavior can be rationally calculated , and these rational calculations are always future-directed . So, the mechanistic view of the economy leads to an exclusively teleological world picture; capitalism as a manipulation of the "machine" of the economy is always directed to the future and intentionally regards the past as of no concern. This, in part, is one of the fundamental origins of modernity, the sense that the cultural present is discontinuous with the past.
The fundamental unit of meaning in capitalist and economic thought is the object , that is, capitalism relies on the creation of a consumer culture, a large segment of the population that is not producing most of what it is consuming. Since capitalism, like mercantilism, is fundamentally based on distributing goods—moving goods from one place to another—consumers have no social relation to the people who produce the goods they consume. In non-capitalist societies, such as tribal societies, people have real social relations to the producers of the goods they consume. But when people no longer have social relations with others who make the objects they consume, that means that the only relation they have is with the object itself. So part of capitalism as a way of thinking is that people become "consumers," that is, they define themselves by the objects they purchase rather than the objects they produce.
Sunday, September 19, 2010
The Archaeological Survey of India Report about Ayodhya Ram JanmBhoomi
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavated the mosque site at the direction of the Allahabad Bench of the Uttar Pradesh high court in 2003. The archaeologists reported evidence of a large 10th century structure similar to a Hindu temple having pre-existed the Babri Masjid. A team of 131 laborers including 29 Muslims - who were later on included on the objections of the Muslim side-, was engaged in the excavations. In June 11th, 2003 the ASI issued an interim report that only listed the findings of the period between May 22nd and June 6th, 2003. In August 2003 the ASI handed a 574-page report to the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court.
The ASI, who examined the site, issued a report of the findings of the period between May 22nd and June 6th, 2003. This report stated:
“Among the structures listed in the report are several brick walls ‘in east-west orientation’, several ‘in north-south orientation’, ‘decorated colored floor’, several ‘pillar bases’, and a ‘1.64-metre high decorated black stone pillar (broken) with vaksha figurines on four corners’ as well as "Arabic inscription of holy verses on stone" Earlier reports by the ASI, based on earlier findings, also mention among other things a staircase and two black basalt columns ‘bearing fine decorative carvings with two cross legged figures in bas-relief on a bloomed lotus with a peacock whose feathers are raised upwards’.
The excavations give ample traces that there was a mammoth pre-existing structure beneath the three-domed Babri structure. Ancient perimeters from East to West and North to South have been found beneath the Babri fabrication. The bricks used in these perimeters predate the time of Babur. Beautiful stone pieces bearing carved Hindu ornamentations like lotus, Kaustubh jewel, alligator facade, etc., have been used in these walls. These decorated architectural pieces have been anchored with precision at varied places in the walls. A tiny portion of a stone slab is sticking out at a place below 20 feet in one of the pits. The rest of the slab lies covered in the wall. The projecting portion bears a five-letter Dev Nagari inscription that turns out to be a Hindu name. The items found below 20 feet should be at least 1,500 years old. According to archaeologists about a foot of loam layer gathers on topsoil every hundred years. Primary clay was not found even up to a depth of 30 feet. It provides the clue to the existence of some structure or the other at that place during the last 2,500 years.
More than 30 pillar bases have been found at equal spans. The pillar-bases are in two rows and the rows are parallel. The pillar-base rows are in North-South direction. A wall is superimposed upon another wall. At least three layers of the floor are visible. An octagonal holy fireplace (Yagna Kund) has been found. These facts prove the enormity of the pre-existing structure. Surkhii has been used as a construction material in our country since over 2000 years and in the constructions at the Janma Bhumi Surkhii has been extensively used. Molded bricks of round and other shapes and sizes were neither in vogue during the middle ages nor are in use today. It was in vogue only 2,000 years ago. Many ornate pieces of touchstone (Kasauti stone) pillars have been found in the excavation. Terracotta idols of divine figurines, serpent, elephant, horse-rider, saints, etc., have been found. Even to this day terracotta idols are used in worship during Diwali celebrations and then put by temple sanctums for invoking divine blessings. The Gupta and the Kushan period bricks have been found. Brick walls of the Gahadwal period (12th Century CE) have been found in excavations.
Nothing has been found to prove the existence of residential habitation there. The excavation gives out the picture of a vast compound housing a sole distinguished and greatly celebrated structure used for divine purposes and not that of a colony or Mohalla consisting of small houses. That was an uncommon and highly celebrated place and not a place of habitation for the common people. Hindu pilgrims have always been visiting that place for thousands of years. Even today there are temples around that place and the items found in the excavations point to the existence of a holy structure of North Indian architectural style at that place.
In the January 2003, Canadian geophysicist Claude Robillard performed a search with ground- penetrating radar. The survey concluded the following:
"There is some structure under the mosque. The structures were ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 meters in depth that could be associated with ancient and contemporaneous structures such as pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring, extending over a large portion of the site".
Claude Robillard, the chief geophysicist stated the following: "There are some anomalies found underneath the site relating to some archaeological features. You might associate them (the anomalies) with pillars, or floors, or concrete floors, wall foundation or something. These anomalies could be associated with archaeological features but until we dig, I can't say for sure what the construction is under the mosque."
The final ASI report of August 25th, 2003 stated that there was an evidence of a large Hindu temple having pre-existed the Babri mosque. Midway into the excavations the courts ordered the removal of the head of the ASI excavations for not following the excavation norms.
The ASI, who examined the site, issued a report of the findings of the period between May 22nd and June 6th, 2003. This report stated:
“Among the structures listed in the report are several brick walls ‘in east-west orientation’, several ‘in north-south orientation’, ‘decorated colored floor’, several ‘pillar bases’, and a ‘1.64-metre high decorated black stone pillar (broken) with vaksha figurines on four corners’ as well as "Arabic inscription of holy verses on stone" Earlier reports by the ASI, based on earlier findings, also mention among other things a staircase and two black basalt columns ‘bearing fine decorative carvings with two cross legged figures in bas-relief on a bloomed lotus with a peacock whose feathers are raised upwards’.
The excavations give ample traces that there was a mammoth pre-existing structure beneath the three-domed Babri structure. Ancient perimeters from East to West and North to South have been found beneath the Babri fabrication. The bricks used in these perimeters predate the time of Babur. Beautiful stone pieces bearing carved Hindu ornamentations like lotus, Kaustubh jewel, alligator facade, etc., have been used in these walls. These decorated architectural pieces have been anchored with precision at varied places in the walls. A tiny portion of a stone slab is sticking out at a place below 20 feet in one of the pits. The rest of the slab lies covered in the wall. The projecting portion bears a five-letter Dev Nagari inscription that turns out to be a Hindu name. The items found below 20 feet should be at least 1,500 years old. According to archaeologists about a foot of loam layer gathers on topsoil every hundred years. Primary clay was not found even up to a depth of 30 feet. It provides the clue to the existence of some structure or the other at that place during the last 2,500 years.
More than 30 pillar bases have been found at equal spans. The pillar-bases are in two rows and the rows are parallel. The pillar-base rows are in North-South direction. A wall is superimposed upon another wall. At least three layers of the floor are visible. An octagonal holy fireplace (Yagna Kund) has been found. These facts prove the enormity of the pre-existing structure. Surkhii has been used as a construction material in our country since over 2000 years and in the constructions at the Janma Bhumi Surkhii has been extensively used. Molded bricks of round and other shapes and sizes were neither in vogue during the middle ages nor are in use today. It was in vogue only 2,000 years ago. Many ornate pieces of touchstone (Kasauti stone) pillars have been found in the excavation. Terracotta idols of divine figurines, serpent, elephant, horse-rider, saints, etc., have been found. Even to this day terracotta idols are used in worship during Diwali celebrations and then put by temple sanctums for invoking divine blessings. The Gupta and the Kushan period bricks have been found. Brick walls of the Gahadwal period (12th Century CE) have been found in excavations.
Nothing has been found to prove the existence of residential habitation there. The excavation gives out the picture of a vast compound housing a sole distinguished and greatly celebrated structure used for divine purposes and not that of a colony or Mohalla consisting of small houses. That was an uncommon and highly celebrated place and not a place of habitation for the common people. Hindu pilgrims have always been visiting that place for thousands of years. Even today there are temples around that place and the items found in the excavations point to the existence of a holy structure of North Indian architectural style at that place.
In the January 2003, Canadian geophysicist Claude Robillard performed a search with ground- penetrating radar. The survey concluded the following:
"There is some structure under the mosque. The structures were ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 meters in depth that could be associated with ancient and contemporaneous structures such as pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring, extending over a large portion of the site".
Claude Robillard, the chief geophysicist stated the following: "There are some anomalies found underneath the site relating to some archaeological features. You might associate them (the anomalies) with pillars, or floors, or concrete floors, wall foundation or something. These anomalies could be associated with archaeological features but until we dig, I can't say for sure what the construction is under the mosque."
The final ASI report of August 25th, 2003 stated that there was an evidence of a large Hindu temple having pre-existed the Babri mosque. Midway into the excavations the courts ordered the removal of the head of the ASI excavations for not following the excavation norms.
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